第四百八十一章 权威的成果
????ʦ??ȻҲ??????ȷ????????ס?ˡ??Ͼ???֪ʶ??????????????ġ????????????????ǵ?????????????ҹ????????̽???????????ʱ?⡣??Ȼ????û?й⣬???ǻ۵Ĺ?â????ʱ???????֡? ??С??????Ȼ?????Ѿ?̸???????ˣ??β??磬??????????Ϊ???⣬?ѽ????о??ģ?ȷ???ijɹ?????????˵һ?£?Ҳ???ǿ??գ?????Ҫ???ǣ?Ϊ??һ??̽?֣???????????? ???ʵ?????????С??????Ҳ?????? ????һ??̽?֣?????ʦ????????е???һ??̽?֣???ʲô??˼???? ????Ȼ????ʶ?ۣ??Ͼ?????ѧҲ???˽???Ψʶѧ???????Լ?????????Լ???ʶ?Ļ??ƣ???ô?жϱ????Ƿ????????أ??? ??Ȼ?????????ˣ???û??????????????????Ҫ?жϡ??????ǵĻ????Ǵ??ο?ʼ?ģ???Ҫ̸????Ȼ????ת???й?˼ά?й???ʶ?Ļ??⡣?ⲻ????Ȼ?????ң?С????רҵ???????ģ????????????????д?ѧ?????е???ʦ?????ö??????ܹ???ס???ǵ??ġ????????????˵????̫???????????ĸ??֣??????????????о????ǽ?ѧ???ɼ?????Զ????????ʦ?? ?漴?????????ǽ????˽????й??ε??о???չ?????ɣ??Լ????ǵ???Ҫ???ۡ? ??Ȼ???Ƕ?˯?ε?̽???????ݵ?ңԶ?ĹŴ??????ǣ?ϵͳ???Ƚ?ȷ???о????ǽ??ִ????¡?????????????ѧ?Ҹ??????°????պ??ٸ??Լ?????????ѧ?Ұ??????ε??о????д????ԡ? ???????¶????????????о???1900?꣬???????˻?ʱ?????????εĽ????????Ժ??ֳ????ˡ???????????ۡ??ȶಿ??????????Щ?????У????Ƚ?ϵͳ?ز????˶??εĹ۵㡣????Ϊ??????һ??Ը???????㡣?ڶ??ֶ?????Ը???У????ϸ?Ϊ?????Ե???????????Ϊ???????˵?һ?ֱ??ܣ?????????һ????Ҫ????Ҫ??Ҫ??????ģ??ξ??????????ʽ֮һ????????Ϊ????????????ľ?????????һ?????ѵľ????????????????ο??Զ??쵽????????????ܡ?????????ʶ??ı??֣?????˯??ʱ????ʶ?????????????ʶ??ѹ??Ҳ??֮??????????????ʶ?˻?????Ϊ?ξ??????ֻ?? ??????????????????????????εĽ?????һ?飬?????????Լ??Ŀ?????????Ϊ??????????Ŀ?ĵġ????????????鴴????һ???֣????ǿ??ԴӶ??ε??ڴ??У??????ε?Ŀ?ġ??εĹ???????Ӧ?????????ٵ????⣬???ṩ???֮?????˵????л??????Ŀ???ԣ?????Ϊ??????????һ???֣???????Ȼ????Ŀ???ԡ???????Ϊ???κ??????һ?¡?????ʹ?????ڰ???ר??????????ij????Խ??Ŀ?꣬??????????Ҳ???????ͬ???????⡣ ÿ????????ʱ????????????????һ???????ڵȴ???ȥ???һ?㣬?????????????б???Ŭ??????Խ??һ?㡣?αض?????????ʽ?IJ?Ʒ????Ҳһ??????????????ʽ?Ľ???ͼ?ǿ??????????Ϊ??????˯??ʱ??????ʱ??ͬһ???ˣ??ɰ????ҹ??????????ֽ???????Ź????????????˸?????˯???в?û?к???ʵ???룬????˼?????????????˼??Ͱ???˼??֮??û?????Եľ??Խ??ޣ?ֻ????????ʱ?϶????ʵ??ϵ?ݱ??????ˡ? ??????Ϊ???????????ڸ??˵???????ʽ??????ǰ??????֮?佨??????ϵ?????ֲ?Ը?????????ʽ????Ҫ???һ????ͼ????????????ϵ???????????ٵ?????????ɹ?Ŀ??֮???????????????????£??γ???????Ӧ?飬??Ϊ??????????????ϰ???Ľ?ɫ???Դ˶?????ķ????????????? ?ٸ???????????ϵġ??εĽ????????븥?Ͻ????????ܵ????꣬?μ??˸??ϵľ???????˶????ٸ???Ϊ???˵Ĵ?????????ڲ?֪?????л???ģ???????ʶ??Ϊ????????İ??磬??DZ??ʶ????????ҹ?????֡??ξ???DZ??ʶ?ı??֡???????˼???????ʶ?ĸ????Ϊ????DZ??ʶ???????Ǽ???????ʶ????????ͷ????ε?ǰ?ᡣ ??????Ϊ??????ij?ְ?ʾ?ԡ???????ʾ??????Ŀǰ??????????????????λ????ͨ???????????ͻ??Ԩԭ???ڡ??ΰ?ʾ??ij?ֿ??ܵĽ??͡?ͬʱ???λ???ָ???Խ??????Ρ?????????ϵ???֮???????????? ???????°????պ??ٸ???ε????????ƣ??εij????Լ??ε????ú?????ȷ??棬?????Լ??????ļ?????ף?????Ͳ???˵?ˡ? ????????????ѧ?Ұ???????˸??ѧ˵?????????????Ʒ??????????Ϊʲô???ε????⡣????Ϊ??????˯??ʱ?????˷ܻ??????Ϊ??˯????һ?ָ??յ???????Ƥ???˷ܹ????????????Ķ????桪?????ƹ??̣????ƹ????ڴ???Ƥ???й㷺??ɢ????????Ƥ???????࣬?˱??????˯??״̬???˽???˯??ʱ??????Ƥ????????????????ƣ?Ҳ???????ƹ?????ˮ??һ????չ????????˯ʱ????????????ռ???˴???Ƥ????????????Լ?Ƥ?????ֺ???ʱ?Ͳ??????Σ????????ǿ??????ƹ???????û????dz˯ʱ?????Ǵ???Ƥ??????Ƴ̶Ƚ??????Ҳ????⣬???Ϊ?????ṩ?????????? ??Ȼ??Ҫ??????˽?????ѧ?Һ?????ѧ?Ҷ??ε??й??о????????????ǵ?ר??????Ϊ???Ƕ??ε????ֹ۵㣬????ɢ?????Dz?ͬ???????С?ͬʱ?????Ƕ??εĽ??ͺ??о?Ҳ??????ȫ??ȷ?ģ???Щ?Ƿ???ڼ??????????ţ??????ִ?????ѧ??????ѧ?ͷ?չ????????δ????????ѧ??????ѧ???ǻ??????????ȷ???????ƵĽ??͡? ??Ȼ?????????????Ǽ?ס?ģ?ȴ???????ڹ??????飬?ó?????????Ľ??ۡ? ??????????ʹ?????????뷨?Ĺ????У??????еIJ?????????ĺ????????????????????˯ʱ???????Ρ????ǣ????????????뷨???ν?ʱ?з?????????1897?꿪ʼ???Լ????????ҷ??????????֣?????ͨ??????ʶ??DZ??ʶ????һ???ػص?·????????????Ϊ??ͨ?????ξ??Ľ??ͣ????Է??־????ߵ????յı?ѹ?ֵ?????????ˣ??εĽ???Ҳ???Գ?Ϊ???ƾ???һ?ַ????? ???????¹????ε?ѧ˵????????????1900?귢???ĺ䶯һʱ?ġ??εĽ?????һ???С???????????Ϊ?????β???????????ģ??????ǻ????ģ????????????ǵĹ?????һ???????߶???һ???ֿ?ʼ????Ϊ?Ⱦ??????ġ?????һ?־??г?ּ?ֵ?ľ?????????ȷʵ??һ??Ը???????㣻????????ʱ???ǿ???????ľ??????ij?????ռ??????λ?ã?????ͨ??һ?ָ߶ȴ??۸??ӵ????ǻ?????????????ġ?????˵?????ұ????֣???ʵ?????Ǿ????ش???ģ?һ?????εĿ?ѧ?????ǿ??ܵġ????ε?ʵ?ʣ????ǡ?һ??Ը???????㡱?? ???Ǵ?ǰ??????????Ѿ?֪??????????Ȼ??ѹ????????ʶ??DZ??ʶ???У????????ڲ??Ծ??ػ??????Ѱ?????㣬????????ʶ???ſ???"???Ա"?ļ?????ö????ܵõ????㣻???ǣ?????????˯?ߵ?ʱ?????ڼ?????õ???и??????ʶ??DZ??ʶ???е??????????ƹ?"?????"??????˵?ƹ??ֿ????????Ի?װ????αװ???ķ?ʽ?˻???????ʶ?????Ρ????ԣ??????ε????ݣ?Ҳ?????????????ı?????Ŀ?????ü??Է????ͽ??ͣ?????Ѱ???????ĸ?Դ?? ??Щ?Σ????磬?ڿʵ????μ???ˮ??????????????ġ????ǣ???ʱ?˻??μ????ָ????IJ?????????ʹ?˸е?ʹ??????Լ???????????????????ξ???????????????Ϊ??һ???????????㡱?أ?Ϊ??˵????һ???⣬???????´????????????ʡ????????Ρ??͡????塱?? ??ν???Σ????????ڼ???ߣ??ǡ??????????Ķ????????ε????Ե????ݡ?????ν???壬?Ǽ???????ڸǵ??????ǡ??????????????ֻ??ͨ????????????ܴﵽ?Ķ????????ǡ????????ε?˼?롱?????κñȱ??????????????????˵?????????ݼ????棬??????????δ˵?????????˲²?????ݼ??յס??????????????¾Ͱ??ξ??ֳ?Ϊ???????֡??????κ????塣 ????????ָ???????????????θı?Ϊ???Ե??εĹ??̡????????εĹ?????????????ͨ????˵?????Σ??????෴?ķ????????еĴ????Ե??ε????????εĹ????????????ǵġ????εĹ??????????????Ρ??? ??????????Ϊ???εĹ??????????Σ????????ֻ??????̣?????˵?????ֹ?????ʽ??????һ?ֹ????ǡ?ѹ?????á???????????????һ?????????֣?Ҳ????˵?????????????һ?֡????Ե??뱾???? ?ڶ??ֹ????ǡ?ת?????á???????һ???棬???????е????ؼ???ת?ƣ??ò???Ҫ???滻??Ҫ?ģ???????????ԭ?ģ???һ???棬???ε?˼??ľ????ص?????ļ???ת?ơ??ε?ת?????ú??ε?ѹ??????????????Ҫ?????????εĹ????? ?????ֹ?????Ϸ?绯?????????е??????ֶΡ??????ǰ?˼?뷭???Ϊ?Ӿ?????Ҳ?????þ????????????ʾ??????????? ?????ֹ????????Σ??????????ӹ?????????ָ?Ѻ?????еߵ??IJ????ټ???????????ʹ????????????ࡣ?ø??????µĻ???˵?????ǡ????εĹ??????????չΪij??ͳһ?Ķ?????ij?ֽ???????Ķ??????? ??????????Ϊ?????Dz??ع??ߵع????εĹ???????????ѹ?????ã?ת?????ã????????????ã??Լ?ʹȫ?徭??һ?ζ??????????⣬?????ٲ??????????????顣?????β???????ζ?ű?ģ???ֻ????ζ???εĹ????Ľ????Ҳ???????????ε?˼?????εĹ???????ɵ???ʽ???? ?εĽ??ͣ?????Ҫ???ε????ص?αװ?ҿ?????????Ѱ?????塣?????˵?????????ξ???ζ??Ѱ??һ??????????塱????˵??"???ǿ???ȷ?в??ɵ????룬???ǵ???ǧ??????ǰ?????????ε?????ںܴ?ij̶??Ϻ?????һ???? ????????֪?????йŴ??????Ƕ????θ????Ծ????Ҫ?Զ?????Ϊ?ξ???ʵ???ļ?ֵ?????Ǵ??ξ???ǰ;?ļ??ף???????̽?????Ԥ?ס???ʱ????ϣ???˺????еĶ???????˵??һ?β???????ʦ??ս??һ?????????һ?β??ú?????????ս??????????ȫ?????ܵġ? ??ϣ????????ɽ???۴???????????????ս??ʱ????????????ʦ???????????̡???ʱ??λ??һ?????ϵ?̫??˹?ǽ????????????͵ĵֿ???????????ɽ??????Ҫ??Χ??Ȼ??һ??ҹ?????μ?һ??ɭ??֮??·??ڿ?????ʽ???赸???????????????θ?????????????ʦ??ʱ?????õ??˹??ǵ?ʤ???Ѿ?????Ԥ??Ľ??͡????????????Ҷ?ȡ??̫??˹?? ??????Ϊ??"???յľ??ܿ?ѧ?????????????????Σ???ֻΪ?˰????ĸ???????ѧѧ˵Ӧ?????ε?Ŀ?ġ? ???????¹????ε?ѧ˵????????ѧ???ǵĺܴ???Ȥ?ʹ????Ĺ۲??Լ?ʵ???о????α????Ǻ??????????????????????ѧ?Ұ?????ѧ˵??Ϊ??????Ƥ??????Ƶ???ɢ??????˯?ߣ??????ڻ???һС??????ϸ?????ڻ?????γ????Ρ????Ƕ??ε????????ܵĽ??͡? ??????Ϊʲô?????ָ????ص??????أ??????????ε????????͵????⡣????˵?????????¶??????ֽ??????д????ԵĹ??ġ?ͨ???????о?????ʼ?˶??ε??µ?????ѧ?Ľ??͡????????¶??εĽ??ͣ???????ʮȫʮ???ģ????ڡ??εĽ??͡?һ??????????????˯??ʱ?????Ѻ???䲻??????????ѹ?ֵĽ???Ĺ۵㣬??ʵ???о?֤????ѹ?ֵ?ǿ???ͻ?????Ѷ?û?б?Ȼ????ϵ??????ѧ?߶Ը??????µ??ε?ѧ˵???˹??ʵ????????????????Եĸ??????????????ε????壬???????ź??ġ? ??????????Ϊ?????Ƕ?Ը???????㣬??????????Ը???????еı??֣???ʱ??ֱ?ӵģ???ʱ?Ǽ?ӵģ???ʱ???????෴????ʽ???ֵġ? ??һλ????ѧ?ߣ????й?һ???????仯?о??Ŀո?ʵ?顣????32????ѧ????ʳ???죬????????У??кܶ????μ??Լ????̻??ʵس????ӵúܺ??ʳƷ??ţ?š????Ƶ??Ͻ??????ǣ????о???Щ?????߸?һ??????ʱ??̸??????ʱ????????ʳ???йصĻ?????ո??¶??̶ȳ????ȣ?????ѹ?????????⡣??????????ƽʱ??????????Ȥ?????????ʳ?ò???֮?࣬??ʱҲ??????????ζ?Ļ??⣬?????е???????????ʾʵ????????뵱????Ա??32????????????13??????????ũ???Ͷ??ȵȡ? ?????ԣ????ǵ??Σ?ֱ?ӷ?ӳ???????ߵ?ʱ????Ҫ??????????Щ?ζ?Ը???ķ?ӳҪ??????һЩ????һ?Σ????????µ?һ?????ѵķ??ˣ?????һ?????¾????Σ?????????????ȥ????û???????????????????ֽ̡????????¸????????????????????ζ?????????????"???¾??ͺ???"???뷨??????????????Ļ???????ο??Խ???Ϊ????Ŀǰ???¾???ʱֹͣ?ˡ???λ?????????ȵظ??߸??????£??Լ????????????ڣ????Ը??????µĽ????쳣???塣 Ӧ??˵????????????????ʶ???????????а??䱾????Ŀֱ?ӻ????۵ر??ֳ?????????????ж??DZȽ????ġ???Ȼ???????εı??ʺͻ???ʮ?ָ??ӣ????????ݶ?????????˵??????δ֪???磬???ԣ????Խ??͵?????Ȼ???٣?????ռ?εĴ?????????ǣ????ո??????µľ???????????????ǿ??Խ????????֮?ε????ᡣ ?ٸ??ǽ?????һλΰ???????ѧ?ң???Ȼ????????֪?????????֣???????????һ?????ҡ??ٸ???Ϊ???????ҵ????Ծ???ϵͳ????Ȼ??Ӧ???Ǿ???ϵͳ???ҵ??ڵķ?????????˵???Ƕ????ǵ???ʶ̬?????????ķ?Ӧ?????統???ǹ?????ʳ???ʳ??????Ա?ķ?ʽ??????ʱ???л?????????ķ?Ӧһ???? ???ǻ??????ָ??????Σ??εIJ??Ͽ?????????绷????Ҳ???????Ը???DZ??ʶ????????????£????ǿ???ͨ???????ṩ?IJ??Ϻ???????Խ??͵ģ???????һЩ???????ĵ??λ?һЩ?߶?????????е??Σ?????????չ?ֵĸ???????????ʹ?˵ó?????Ĵ𰸡? ??Щ???е????ݳɷֲ??????ڸ??ˣ?Ҳ????????Դ?????ߵĸ??˾???????Щ?????????Լ???DZ??ʶ??ԭ???????????γ?֮Ϊ??Ҫ???λ????Ρ???DZ??ʶ?????ϲ?????ʱ?????????ξͻ???֡? ???ǹ?ͨ??ʶ??DZ??ʶ????Ч;???????ǽ?DZ??ʶ?ķ?Ӧ???Է??Գ嶯???ݸ???ʶ???????????ٸ???Ϊ???в?????αװ?????е?һ?ж?Ӧ?ñ????????????????????µĶ?????ֻ?????????Dz??˽??ε????Զ????????ΰ??ˡ? ????????????Ѱ?ҵ?????ᣬ?ٸ?Ѱ?ҵ?????DZ??ʶ?????????Щʲô???????ٸ???˵???????????Ǹ???ԭ?ͳ??Ÿ??廯?ķ???չ????????ͼͳһ??һ????гƽ???????һ?ֳ??ԡ?ͨ?????????????????Դ?????????ʾ?ԵĶ????? ?ٸ???Ϊ?εĹ???????????һ???Dz????Ĺ??ܡ????εIJ????????Ǽ?????Կ????ӿ϶??????????ζ???ʶ״̬???в????ķ?ʽ??????????????ǣ??????߶?????ijһ?????龳?????κ????ۣ??ͱ???????һ?ֶ???ʶ״̬?Ŀ϶????е?????ͨ????????????ʶ̬?ȼ??Կ????в????ģ?????һЩ????????ʶ?龳??һ?㲻̫һ?µķ??棬???ֻ???????????䶯??????Щ?α???Ĺ۵?????ʶ̬???෴????????һ??????ʶ̬?Ȳ??ʵ?????ִ????????²Żᷢ?????? ????????????????Ը????̬???֡???????ͼ??????Щ????ı????Եģ??????δ?ֻ??IJ??֣??Ӷ???ͼ?ﵽ????IJ??????????Ƕ???ʶ̬?????????ķ?ӳ???˸??ij????????ʶ?????Ž?????DZ??ʶ?IJ?????Ϊ?? ?ε???һ????????Ԥʾδ??????Ϊ????DZ??ʶ??ȫ??????еĹ?ͬ????ij?????????У???????????ͼ??????????????????ǻۺ??˵??ǻۣ????????ǻ???????Ԥ?Ȱ??źõĸ???δ????λ?????ַ?չ?㣬??????ʾ???˵????ˣ??Լ???????δ???????Ĺ켣????????????????????ʶǰ?档 ?????????????棬???????IJ??????ú?Ԥʾ??????ͬһ???ڵ????????档?ڽ?????ʱ?????????ﱾ?ܳ嶯??Ը????һ?????չ??δ???ķ??涼Ӧ?ø??????ӡ??ٸ???Ϊ???˵??ε?Ԥʾ???ݣ???????Ԥ??????ʷ?Եļ????¼??Ĺ켣???ⶼԴ??ԭ?͵ļ??????ʡ? ??ʱ??????ֻ????С??һ???˵???????????û??????????ֻ?ǹ¶??????ط????Ű???ϡ??ĵƹ⣬??ȫû?д??ƺڰ??????????????ںڰ??У?û??˯?⣬ȴ?о????ε?ԭ?????? ??ʵ?????Եľ??࣬????????һ?ֲ?̫??ʵ?ĸо????????????????ٵ???ʵ??Ҳ??һ???ξ??? ͻȻ??һ????Ӱ????????֪?????ǻ???һ??ֱ?ߵ????????Ȼ??û?п??????Ĺ켣????Ȼ??˲????ʧ??????ȷ?ϣ??????????Ҽ???????????ε???????